Strategic Intervention Techniques and Their Value on Nokia Free Essay Example, 4000 words

This paper illustrates that different techniques of strategic intervention are aimed towards the improvement of organizational performance and effectiveness through various actions, events, and activities. The most important techniques of organizational strategic intervention are merger and acquisition, cultural change and innovation. The merger and acquisition technique assist the organization to utilize the resources and capabilities of another organization for the improvement of their products and services. This technique also assists an organization to create a strong position in the market by diversifying their products and services. It helps an organization to broaden their customer database and serve their demands in a better manner. A partnership of Nokia with Microsoft has improved their global reputation. Their merge with the technology giant has assisted them to restructure their product and services as per the current market trends. The creativity and innovation interve ntion is essential for Nokia as they are lagging behind in terms of the development of smartphone applications as per the customer preferences. Nokia is facing huge competition by other telecom companies such as Apple, Samsung, and HTC in terms of the software and mobile application development. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Intervention Techniques and Their Value on Nokia or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The management of the organization needs to focus on the innovation and creativity in terms of strategic intervention to revive their market position. The cultural change of any organization involves the change in the work pattern and employee relationship. To implement a global strategy, an organization needs to focus on the required changes in the work culture. The current market condition of Nokia has also revealed the poor work culture of the organization. Their leadership and employee management procedure are not very well developed. Various bureaucratic activities and office politics are restricting the innovative ideas of employees. Therefore, the change management of the organization needs to focus on the cultural restructuring of the organization to ensure healthy work patterns and employee relationships. It will also assist the organization to increase their productivity.

America s Spending On The Prison System - 916 Words

America holds 16.3 trillion dollars in debt and the debt continues to increase for the next twenty years. Arizona follows with the accumulating debt of 42.7 billion dollars. Arizona crimes rates increased in the last decade and the state now serves over 42,000 inmates by providing food and cells at the taxpayers’ expense. To accommodate the numerous prisoners, Arizona expanded the spending on the prison system while ignoring methods that cut state’s expense and the escalating crime rate. Instead of wasting taxpayers’ precious dollars and overcrowding prisons, Arizona Legislatures must focus on finding new reforms to limit the population and cost of prisons without harming its citizens. Allowing elderly convicts the option to stay inside their home or nursing home removes the burden of Arizona constantly providing for these elderly. Connecticut created 60 West, a nursing home that catered to elderly prisoners, that saved â€Å"more than $5 million in corrections health care costs annually† (Vestal). Critics of the this new reform system argued that allowing convicts admission into nursing home remains just as expensive as allowing convicts to serve the rest of their sentence in prison. Connecticut disproved this theory by demonstrating that better equipped nursing facilities accommodates elderly criminals cheaper than a penal institution. Florida, a state known for its aging population, announced by â€Å"releasing this low-risk prison population to spend their final years at home, andShow MoreRelatedBastà ¸y. We All Have An Idea Of How The Future May Look.1320 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades behind. What we distinguish as basic day to day tasks are efforts n ewly released criminals may not be able to complete. United States prison systems are a sizable contributor to why countless convicts relapse back into criminal behavior. The mild supervision and occasional front door visits that are designated for prisoners after release are not enough. America needs to start doing more for its prisoners, to teach them what life encompasses outside of a cell, and reduce recidivism. Statistics fromRead MoreTechnology, Transportation, And Communication1070 Words   |  5 Pagesthree-quarters of prisoners were rearrested (Recidivism). Criminals are finding themselves trapped in the endless loop that is America’s prison system, a momentous change will need to occur if we ever want to break free from the cycle. In the article The Norwegian Prison Where Inmates are Treated Like People the author, Erwin James presents the idea of another country s prison system. Very different from the typical American view of the life of a convict, prisoners on this Norwegian island are treated withRead MoreHow The Cuts Should Be Legal1713 Words   |  7 PagesCut Reduce Spending in California s prison system . When we as state are spending more to house a single convicted felon for a year than we are spending to educate one student per year it clearly is time to reevaluate the budget . It is time to make cuts that not only will save taxpayers money but ones that if we restructure the spending can actually help to impose a form of punishment for the inmates . Reduction in spending is needed because we are spending far too much to house anRead MoreThe Deterrence Of A Crime1573 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Research proving deterrence no longer works†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 How governments are overburdened by cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Benefits of spending more on education rather than prisons†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Use alternative ways to punish and deter criminals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Conclusion/Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreComparison Between Schools And Prisons1732 Words   |  7 PagesSchools Vs Prisons The United States prison population has grown from approximately 500,000 to 2.3 million people in three decades. The us spends almost $70 billion dollars yearly to put adults in prison and jails. They also put 7.3 million people on probation and parole. California has the largest prison population rate in the country, with more than 170,000 people behind bars. More than a billion dollars is spent every year to incarcerate people from a community in Los Angeles . 40% of studentsRead MoreCriminal Justice Reform Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesjustice system, moreover they represent the disproportionate rate that minorities in the U.S. are incarcerated. What some consider the greatest democracy in the world, is really a camera-obsucra, inverting the reality of what freedom and justice mean in the United States. Nixon’s war on drugs during the 1970’s, that declared drugs as the most important public enemy, leading to the spike in racial and ethnic disparities in incarceration rates, the development of the prison-industrial system, and theRead MorePrison Overcrowding And Its Effects934 Words   |  4 Pagesissue within the American criminal justice system which is prison overcrowding and its effects. Imprisonment is the primary means of punishment in American society for crimes (Ross, 2010; Verro, 2010). In fact, the incarceration rate in America surpasses several other developed nations, due to having over two million inmates pres ently serving time in prison (Brazell, Crayton, Mukamal, Solomon, and Lindahl, 2009; Vacca, 2004). The American criminal justice system was developed on the foundation of providingRead MoreThe Cost of High Imprisonment Rates in the United States Essay examples1176 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Bureau of Justice Statistics there are currently 2.4 million people in federal and state prison in the United States, that equals out to 1 out of every 100 American adults. This places the United States at number one in the world for its incarceration rate. The US has 5% of the worlds population but 245% of the worlds prisoners. In addition to this there are 4.8 million adults on probation of parole and 70,792 juveniles in juvenile detention. In 2008 the breakdown for adults underRead MoreIs Prison Labor Good for America? Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesLit Essay Prison Labor In America Is Prison labor good for America? Introduction: The Benefits and Problems Due to the tight labor market, companies are relying on prisoners to provide them with labor. As of now, private prisons have become one of the largest powers in the â€Å"prison-industrial complex.† There are approximately 18 private prison corporations, which guard 10,000 prisoners, and more than 37 states have legalized the contracting of prisoners by private companies (Prison Slave Labor:Read MoreThe Problem Of Prison Population1536 Words   |  7 PagesAfter decades trying to prevent it, prison population continued to increase. Mandatory minimum sentences and the privatization created more prisoners, rather than cutting down on the amount incarcerations. Since the 1980’s, the prison population has quadrupled and today one in every one hundred adults are in prison (Mandatory Minimums (HBO)). Infact, America leads the world in prisoners with 20% of the earth’s prison population (The Prison Crisis). In a study done by The American Prospect, charts

Underground Railroad Essay Research Paper Underground Railroad free essay sample

Underground Railroad Essay, Research Paper Underground Railroad I know you? re wondering, what railway? Well the simple fact is that everybody has heard of the Underground Railroad, but non everyone knows merely what it was. First, it wasn? T resistance, and it wasn? t even a railway. The term # 8220 ; Underground Railroad # 8221 ; really comes from a runaway slave, who while being chased swam across a brook and was out of the proprietor? s sight. The proprietor said # 8220 ; # 8230 ; must hold gone off on an belowground railroad. # 8221 ; That adult male was Tice Davids, a Kentucky slave who decided to populate in freedom in 1831. The primary importance of the Underground Railroad was the on traveling battle to get rid of bondage, the start of the civil war, and it was being one of our state? s foremost major anti-slavery motions. The history of the railway is rather varied harmonizing to whom you are speaking. Bondage in America thrived and continued to turn because there was a scarceness of labour. Cultivation of harvests on plantations could be supervised while slaves used simple modus operandis to reap them, the low monetary value at which slaves could be bought, and gaining net incomes as a fillip for non holding to pay hired work. Slaves turned to freedom for more than one ground. Some were obsessed with being free and populating a life where they were non told how to populate. Others ran due to fear of being separted or sold from friends and household. Then there were some who were treated so cruely, that it forced them to run merely to remain alive. Since coming to America as slaves even back as far back as when the first settlements began, slaves wanted to get away. They wanted to acquire off from the state of affairs they were forced into. Those who were free were the # 8220 ; whites # 8221 ; who were slightly separated in values. The North, was a more industrialised country where occupations were filled by freshly imported immigrants, doing them less dependent on slave labour. The South, nevertheless had rich fertile land largely used for farming. Huge plantations were cleared and needed to be worked. The people of the country tended to be more genteal, and seemed non rather adjusted to difficult work, but more of giving orders. The thought of stating people how to make their work merely seemed to suit all excessively good into this scenario. The railway didn? Ts have a certain location. Slaves had been running since the 1500? s on their ain. When the thought caught on amoung brave slaves, was when it started. Slave proprietors in the South surely weren? t happy about the loss of # 8220 ; belongings # 8221 ; . It seemed like excessively much money was being lost.This caused the South to go through the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. This coroneted slaves as belongings of their proprietors and gave permission to the proprietors to recover blowouts any where in the provinces, even those provinces that were free. The North was angry about the intervention of the slaves and was non happy about proprietors being allowed to come into their provinces to take the slaves back. Finally, the North decided to make something about it. To return the fire thrown at them by the South, they would take away something that the North idea was morally incorrect, and the South? s wealths. They would assist the slaves escape to freedom. The slave s were now angry, frightened, and confused. Hearing of this Underground Railroad, they easy began to run, more and more. By 1807 a jurisprudence was passed to do it illegal to import any longer slaves. Agricultural betterments came along, and with the limited figure of slaves left in the provinces, the value of the slaves went up really rapidly. Abolition Societies began to organize, and along with spiritual groups became active in helpin gslaves to freedom. The # 8220 ; Railroad # 8221 ; beggan to take form. A form that is to this twenty-four hours really hard to depict. Traks were laid to aide the slaves to freedom. Peoples talked in secretiveness to do safe waies for the slaves to run on. These were the paths. Letterss were sent that had nomenclature or codification for the balcks. A batch of the footings come from things found along railwaies. This is because existent railwaies at this clip were the newest thing and happened to be the subject of pick for conversation. This made it all the easier for the assistants of the railway to pass on traveling unoticed.Along the T racks, there were terminals, safe houses to remain. These were houses of free Whites or inkinesss where they could conceal when they weren? T running. The people who owned the houses were frequently called music directors. The music directors frequently left a figure of marks for the slaves to follow so they didn? T go to houses that belonged to Alliess of the slave proprietors. A comforter on the apparels line picturing a house with fume coming out of the chimney was a mark of a safe station. A white ring of bricks around the the top of a house? s chimney was another mark of a good concealment topographic point. Shoppes that were safe frequently had a silohette of a fleeing adult male or adult female on in mark. Other siggns were used to steer the slaves. There were knocks that slaves used when nearing a house, carnal calls, and visible radiations hung in Windowss. When a slave was traveling to the following house along the railway, this was called â€Å"catching the following trai n.† There were besides songgs that ave waies to slaves that were taught to everyone so that they might memorise the manner. One such, was â€Å"Follow the Drinking Gourd† The imbibing calabash was the slaves? nomenclature for the large dipper. The Big Dipper? s â€Å"handle† points to the north star, which they could utilize to happen their manner north. The vocal gave landmarks along the manner to follow and a poetry from it says † the dead trees will demo you the way.† This was put in the vocal for a ground. The author of this vocal, refered to as Peg-leg Joe, drew a image of a nog legg on the dead trees along the path with wood coal. The undermentioned poetry is â€Å"Left pes, peg pes going on, † consequently. The paths for the railway weren? T precisely laid. A slave had many possible waies to run in, but the chief thought here was safty over adeptness. The slaves frequently zigzaged in their waies to avoid being caught. There were differe nt signifiers of flying every bit good as different waies. Slaves could go by H2O on boats. Often in one of the many clever camouflages fabricated by the people of the North willing to impart a manus. Work force were dressed as adult females, adult females were dressed as work forces, break ones back? s apparels were exchanged for those of a rich free individual of colour? s to confound the true individuality of the slave when seen by funny eyes. There were besides some slaves that traveled the route, by pes, in a caridge, or in a waggon frequently incorporating a bogus underside doing a bantam infinite where slaves could safely travel to freedom.Some traveled on â€Å"surface linesthe existent railwaies of this clip. Lightly colored slaves were dressed as Whites, and others were put in with the baggage and frieght. And yet make bolding others traveled as luggage. Such a individual was Henry â€Å"Box† Brown who recieved his moniker by doing the long trip in a box marked â⠂¬Å"this side up, † and â€Å"fragile.† There are, nevertheless, studies from Henry, after he â€Å"reached the terminal of the line† , where he testified being turned upside down and was thrown about, which makes us all wonder what goes on with our mail service. In the terminal, slaves had to happen a manner to intermix with the people of the North so that they might populate their lives free. Some of the at large fugitves met up with previuosly escaped friends and household and formed communities. Others found a oasis in the Native Americans with whom they intermarried and reproduced. The civil war began and others found shelter with the Union Army. The slaves shortly found out that freedom did non intend freedom from work, but they were happier because they now made their ain determinations. Some died from exposure, after non happening shelter from the North? s frozen winter. Most slaves were non allowed to larn to read and stay nonreader. Their non being able to read or understand the fact that they had money of their ain frequently lead barbarous salesmen and employers to take advantage of the inkinesss. Those who learned to make specific occupations in the South frequently took up similar occupations in the North. The demand for the rai lway easy began to diminish as the battle for abolition grew stronger. It was no longer nesscary for the raliroad to be, since about all the slaves who were traveling to run already had. The concluding gesture that brought the railraod to it? s concluding halt was the sign language of the Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln, stoping all bondage in our now free state, everlastingly.

Marx and Weber and How their Views Differ on Religion

Introduction Karl Marx and Max Weber were among the most influential scholars who made remarkable contribution to sociological theory in the nineteenth century. Marx and Weber are known for their analysis of capitalism and its relationship with religion. According to Marx, capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by private entities (Dillon 52).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marx and Weber and How their Views Differ on Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The capitalists mainly produce for the exchange market. Capitalism is sustained by the relationship between workers, means of production, and owners of capital. This paper will shed light on the similarities and differences between the perspectives of Marx and Weber concerning religion and the rise of capitalism. Marx Capitalism Marx attributes the emergence of the capitalist system to the histori cal advancement of the material aspect of the society. Marx considered economic production as the main element of the structure of the society. Thus, the social structure can only be understood by analyzing the way the society organizes its production. In this regard, Marx argued that the society consists of the economic base and the superstructure. In the capitalist society, â€Å"economic base is characterized with the organization of production in large companies with the aim of securing profits† (Appelrouth 97). This leads to exploitation of workers and an increase in the earnings of the capitalists. The superstructure refers to the social institutions such as religion, education, and the political system. The economic base determines the operation of various social institutions. Consequently, the superstructure perpetuates the supremacy of the capitalists. According to Marx, each society evolves sequentially in five phases that have dissimilar systems of production. Thes e include â€Å"primitive communism, ancient, feudal, capitalism, and communism† (Hallan 69). The ancient, feudal, and capitalist societies are class-based. The ruling and the dependent are the most significant social classes in these societies. The subordinates (dependent) who are the majority created wealth for the ruling class through exploitation. Thus, Marx concluded that the society is always characterized with class conflicts. Capitalism rose as the new mode of production after the emergence of government control and increased use of machinery in production led to the fall of the feudal system. Marx asserts that labor-power was commoditized under capitalism (Appelrouth 112). The bourgeoisie owned the capital that was used to produce various goods and services.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proletariat, on the other hand, sold their labor and earned w ages. Marx believed that capitalism is not sustainable because it is characterized with â€Å"an increasing reserve army of the unemployed, declining rate of profit, concentration of industry into fewer firms, and increasing misery within the proletariat† (Dillon 114). Marx considered these characteristics as the seeds of the downfall of capitalism (Yuill 126-143). Specifically, the problems associated with capitalism would lead to a social revolution by the proletariats and the capitalist system would be replaced with communism. Religion Marx did not analyze the logic of religion. He perceived religious beliefs as a reflection of the problems that the society faced. Marx believed that religion was man’s creation. He asserts that â€Å"religion is the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet found himself or has already lost himself again† (Hallan 87). This implies that Marx considered religion as false consciousness of man. According to Marx, religion is the product of historical injustices and systems of exploitation rather than the creation of the capitalists. Marx considered religion as part of the superstructure (Dillon 151). Thus, it helped the proletariats to cope with the exploitations and miseries of the capitalist system. Marx also considered religion as a dominant ideology that perpetuated the ruling class. Specifically, the ideas of the ruling class (capitalists) were transmitted and legitimated by the church through religion. Weber Capitalism Weber believed that the Protestant ethic was one of the most important causes of the rise of capitalism. This belief was based on Weber’s observation that most business leaders in the west were Protestants. The Protestants, particularly, Calvinists believed that only a small percentage of the population would receive salvation (Appelrouth 117). Although the people who would be saved were predetermined, individuals considered economic success as a sign of sal vation. In this regard, Calvinists focused on diligence, frugality, and embracing work as their vocation to achieve economic success. Consequently, capitalism emerged as people created wealth, which was considered as â€Å"an end in itself rather than a means to satisfy needs† (Appelrouth 118). According to Weber, the development of capitalism in the modern society is influenced by several factors. To begin with, industrial revolution led to increased production using machinery. Secularization of the society and changes in systems of governance led to increased rationalization, which in turn facilitated the emergence of new economic systems (Goldstein 115-151). These include the market economy, international trade, and an expanded labor market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marx and Weber and How their Views Differ on Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Weber, the conditions outlined in the forgoing paragraph have always existed in the society. This suggests that capitalism is likely to have existed albeit in a primitive manner in the pre-modern society. The modern world is considered as a capitalist society since capitalism is its main mode of production (Hallan 123). Weber also believed that capitalism could have emerged directly or indirectly due to other factors that he did not mention. Religion Weber perceived religion as a system of social relationships that is characterized with a belief in supernatural powers that are revealed through different charismatic manifestations. Individuals articulate the supernatural powers through symbolic expressions under the leadership the clergy. According to Weber, religion enables individuals to achieve their personal interests (Goldstein 115-151). In the ancient society, magicians helped the community to fulfill their material needs such as shelter and food. As the society developed, priests replaced magicians by introducing standardized systems of control, placation, and supplication of supernatural beings. This led to emergence of bureaucracies that facilitate social stability, allocation of various resources, and preservation of culture. According to Weber, prophets use charismatic ideas to lead the change process in the society. Similarities in the Views of Marx and Weber The perspectives of Marx and Weber concerning the emergence of modern capitalism are similar in the following ways. To begin with, Marx and Weber agree that modern capitalism has never existed before in the history of the world. Although Weber suggested that capitalism is likely to have existed before, he believed that the modern society has the most dominant and advanced form of capitalism (Appelrouth 119). Weber and Marx agree that technological advancements during the industrial revolution facilitated the rise of modern capitalism. In particular, they argue that the use of machinery helped producers to increase p roduction in the capitalists system. However, it also led to an increase in unemployment and misery among workers. The analysis by Marx and Weber indicate that accumulation of wealth or profits was the main goal of the capitalists. In addition, Marx and Weber believe that changes in the systems of governance helped to control the economy, thereby facilitating the rise of capitalism. In religion, Marx and Weber agree that the church helped in transmitting ideologies in the society. Weber believed that prophets used religion to influence the society to embrace their charismatic ideologies. Similarly, Marx claimed that the dominant class used religion to advance their ideas in the society.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Differences in the Perspectives of Marx and Weber Marx claimed that the rise of the capitalist system was unavoidably predicted by history. In addition, the adoption of the capitalist mode of production was triggered by the changes that occurred in the material basis of the society (Dillon 116). Weber disagreed with this perspective by arguing that the rise of capitalism was not inevitably predicted by history. According to Weber, capitalism emerged by chance due to the conditions that characterized the society. In particular, Weber believes that the Protestant ethic is the main factor that motivated the society to adopt the capitalist system of production. Marx opposed capitalism by arguing that socialism and eventually communism would be the solution to the problems associated with the capitalist system. However, Weber did not embrace any socialist idea (Hallan 136). He argued that capitalism developed because of hard work, systematic economic activity, and frugality rather than m ere exploitation of workers. In this regard, Weber did not believe that capitalism should be replaced with socialism. Marx believed that religion provided only temporary relief to misery by blunting the senses of the proletariats. He argued that religion was just an opium of the masses that enabled the proletariats to bear their suffering rather than to find solutions to their problems. Weber, on the other hand, argued that religion helped people to achieve their interests (Goldstein 115-151). For example, he noted that the magicians helped individuals to access material needs such as food. According to Marx, religion was a means of legitimizing the status quo that exists in the capitalist system. Marx believed that capitalists use religion to justify their mode of production and accumulation of wealth at the expense of workers. Weber, on the other hand, perceived religion as a means of achieving social change. According to Weber, the â€Å"exemplary prophet challenges the status q uo by living an exemplary life† (Dillon 121). This encourages the society to achieve the necessary change and to address the problems of the society. Critique Marx’s argument that the rise of capitalism was unavoidably predicted by history is valid to some extent. Undoubtedly, the society has progressively moved from primitive communism, ancient, and feudal systems of production to capitalism. Additionally, production for profit through improved efficiency continues to be the main factor that sustains modern capitalism. Although the problems of capitalism such as exploitation of workers and falling profits still exist, capitalism has not collapsed as predicted by Marx. Moreover, the growth of capitalism in the modern society is mainly driven by the consumption among the middle class rather than the proletariats as Marx claimed. Undoubtedly, the emergence of international trade and globalization has facilitated the growth of capitalism in the modern society. However, Mar x did not pay much attention to the importance of globalization and international trade. Moreover, he fails to account for the rise of capitalism only in the west rather than the entire world. Weber’s claim that capitalism rose as a result of conditions such as industrial revolution and changes in governance is valid. These conditions continue to promote economic growth and development of capitalism. Weber’s argument that the Protestant ethic led to capitalism has both flaws and strengths. The strengths include the fact that modern capitalists still focus on frugality, diligence, and cost benefit analysis of the most profitable investment alternatives. However, the flaw is that religion alone through the Protestant ethic is not likely to have contributed to the rise of capitalism. Undoubtedly, capitalism existed in countries such as India where the Protestant ethic was not observed. In the modern society, there is very little connection between accumulation of wealth a nd salvation. Thus, religion does not play a major role in the growth of capitalism. Conclusion The perspectives of Marx and Weber concerning religion and the rise of capitalism are similar and different in several ways. Both of them agree that capitalism rose due to the desire to accumulate a lot of wealth, as well as, technological advancements and changes in governance systems. However, Marx claimed that the rise of capitalism was unavoidably predicted by history, whereas Weber believed that capitalism developed due to the Protestant ethic. Weber considered religion as a means of achieving the needs of the society, whereas Marx believed that religion only provides temporary alleviation of the problems of the society. Works Cited Appelrouth, Scott. Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory. London: Sage, 2008. Print. Dillon, Michele. Introduction to Sociological Theory. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Print. Goldstein, Warren. â€Å"The Dilectics of Religious Rationaliz ation and Secularization: Max Weber and Ernst Bloch.† Critical Sociology 2.3 (2005): 115-151. Print. Hallan, Kenneth. Contemporary Social and Sociological Theory. London: Sage, 2010. Print. Yuill, Chris. â€Å"Marx: Capitalism, Alienation and Health.† Social Theory and Health 3.2 (2005): 126-143. Print. 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